All posts by Chris

Fifty Years (And Counting)

I’m a sucker for big, round-number anniversaries. It’s a great excuse to look back and think longer term and bigger picture (and to put off thinking about losing weight or cleaning out the garage). Since I turned 50 this year, I have all the excuse I need to look back at what has changed in this world since 1960. Here is a very brief collection of factoids about what was new in 1960, and what has changed in the last 50 years.

Some major events of 1960:
– John F. Kennedy elected US President
– Gary Powers shot down over Russia while flying a U2 spy plane
– US launches the first communications satellite, the first weather satellite, the first navigation satellite, and the first spy satellite
– First Teflon non-stick cookware goes on sale
– First CERN particle accelerator becomes operational in Geneva
– France tests its first atomic bomb in the Sahara desert
– Timothy Leary begins experimenting with LSD
– Mossad agents abduct Adolf Eichmann in Buenos Aires (he is tried and executed in Israel)
– The 50-star US flag makes its debut
– Numerous former African colonies become independent nations as the era of European colonialism finally comes to a close
– The Beatles perform in public for the first time
– To Kill a Mockingbird and Green Eggs and Ham are published
– The birth control pill is put on the market in the US
– The Laser is invented (and first demonstrated by Theodore Maiman)
– Moore’s Law begins its climb with an integrated circuit of two components

Half Century of Growth: In the last 50 years, the global population has grown from 3 billion to nearly 7 billion people. The rate of fossil fuel consumption has increased by more than 4X, and the rate of food and fresh water consumption has increased by more than 3X.

The electronics revolution has been so incredible that the even the most grandiose hyperbole pales compared to reality. In the last 50 years the cost of a bit of electronic memory has decreased by about a factor of 100 billion. Today’s kitchen appliances boast more computing power than the supercomputers of 1960. And the rate at which transistors are made today exceeds ___________ (fill in whatever big number you can think of, like the rate of raindrops falling on the earth, or the number of grains of sand that stuck in my swimsuit last summer).

I’m not a fan of futurism (making predictions beyond a few years out is not much different from science fiction writing), but I know this: the next 50 years will be another wild ride.

Lab Manual for My Lithography Textbook Now Available

Have you ever been reading through my textbook Fundamental Principles of Optical Lithography and thought “Boy, if I only had a set of Matlab exercises to do, I could really learn this stuff!”? Well if a laboratory manual full of Matlab problems is the only thing keeping you from learning optical lithography, your wait is over! Kevin Berwick of the Dublin Institute of Technology has been teaching a lithography course using my textbook and has been assigning Matlab problems to his class to help them get at the details of the topic. He has now collected up those problems and published a book called Optical Lithography Modelling with MATLAB®, Laboratory Manual to accompany Fundamental Principles of Optical Lithography, by Chris Mack. And if that is not enough to put any lithographer in a good mood, this book is available to be downloaded free! Click here for more information. A great Christmas present for that hard to shop for lithographer!

Quote of the Day

Science vs. Engineering:

“Science is about understanding the origins, nature, and behavior of the universe and all it contains; engineering is about solving problems by rearranging the stuff of the world to make new things.”
– Henry Petroski, IEEE Spectrum, December 2010

My name in Kanji

A few years ago, while we were drinking in a basement beer bar in Yokohama, some Japanese friends decided to figure out how to spell my last name in Kanji. Generally, a foreigner writing his name in Japanese would use the Katakana alphabet. But occasionally foreigners will “spell” their name in Kanji, the Chinese characters that Japanese use for many of their words. The goal is to match the sounds made by the characters to the name (for me, the two sounds are ma + ku). But since the Kanji have meaning as well as sound, and there are usually several Kanji with the same sound, one can also choose the Kanji to provide a meaning that in some way reminds you of the person. After some discussion (that I didn’t understand) and some beer (that I did), a final spelling was agreed upon. Here is my name in Kanji. I like it.

Mack in Kanji

Lithography and Politics

Today is election day in the United States – finally. I’m sick of hearing about the state of politics in America, and am just looking forward to moving on. But there has been one bit of political news that I have found intriguing. This fall there was a lithographer who ran for Congress – in Brazil. His name is Ricardo Vieira, and I have been in email contact with him over the years on various lithography topics. When he first started campaigning, he told me, “We don’t have any representative from the scientific workers class into our Congress, so I decided to be a candidate.” He played up his experience in Nanotechnology to promote his campaign, even creating what might be the world’s smallest campaign slogan – “Vote Ricardo Vieira” printed so small that it is completely visible through the eye of a needle.

For pictures and more information, click here.

A Big iPhone

The other day my three-year-old daughter Anna saw an Apple iPad for the first time. After seeing if for just a few seconds, she looked at me and said “Why does he have that big iPhone?” While lots of people have talked about the proper way to think about the iPad in the spectrum of computing products, I think my daughter got it right at first glance. It is a big iPhone, only without the phone.

Gorgeous George

I am now back in Austin, after spending the summer working for Dow Chemical (the Shipley photoresist group) in Marlborough, MA. Besides enjoying the much more pleasant temperatures of that northeastern clime, I had the great pleasure of getting to know (or know better) many fine folks at Dow (most especially my supervisor Jim Thackerary, whom I have known for 20 years, but now know of his favorite curse after a bad golf shot). One of the people I was glad to interact with was George Barclay, the R&D head for Dow Advanced Materials. Thus, I was a bit amused when, on the flight home to Austin, I opened up my current issue of Scientific American and there, staring at me thoughtfully from the inside cover, was an overly artistic rendering of that very same George Barclay. Dow is running an ad campaign to bring the “Human Element” of Dow to life. Thanks to the talents of the famous (and very expensive) photographer Albert Watson, Dr. Barclay has earned his new moniker: Gorgeous George.

Geroge Barclay, Dow Advanced Materials